The Art of the Ring: book review of the Griffin Collection

The Art of the Ring: book review of the Griffin Collection

by | European jewellery, Reviews

Rings from the Griffin Collection

The Art of the Ring: book review

Published on July 31, 2024

Who does not love rings? I think it may be fair to say people have always been obsessed with them, and so they have been both produced ánd collected in large numbers. The Art of the Ring by Diana Scarisbrick presents highlights from one such collection, the privately held Griffin Collection, and offers both a visual and scholarly journey into ring history. In this review, I’ll walk you through its strengths, highlights, and how it compares with other landmark publications on rings.

The Griffin Collection: earlier publications

The Art of the Ring is the third volume in a series devoted to rings from the Griffin Collection. The collection is huge, and the two previous books have zoomed in on one particular category of rings. Take this Ring explored medieval and renaissance rings, and I like my choyce presents the history of posy rings. The Art of the Ring takes another approach: here, the aim is to present a cross-section through the collection. In that way, you could think of this as the prequel to the other volumes: it introduces the collection.

Highlights of the Griffin Collection of rings

Introducing such a vast collection is no easy thing to do! The book presents 100 rings, some of which have been featured in other publications, and some are published here for the first time. This selection is divided into 8 chapters, each focusing on a certain type of ring. There are signet rings, devotional rings, Memento Mori and memorial rings, Love, Marriage and Friendship rings, rings related to daily life, rings set with coloured stones, diamond rings and rings with royal and noble associations. Each chapter sets out with an introduction on the central theme.

Comparing The Art of the Ring with other publications

These sections largely coincide with those of another publication by Diana Scarisbrick, Rings. Jewelry of Power, Love and Loyalty (2007). This book presents the Benjamin Zucker Family Collection, expanded with rings from museum and private collections to form a comprehensive overview of rings. That makes it very easy to read both books in tandem, compare both collections and as such expand your insight in the subject.

Photography and presentation in The Art of the Ring

Each ring in The Art of the Ring has its own ‘passport’: several photos, a description, and an explanation of what we see and how this particular ring fits into a wider context. And for each ring, you will also find an overview of its provenance (how did it end up in this collection?), where it has been exhibited, and where it has been published.

I did wish some of the photos would be larger. As there is a lot of information included per ring, the space allocated to photos of the ring itself sometimes just is not that much. For example, ring no. 20 is an Italian ring with a sardonyx cameo showing the Shroud of Turin: a magnification here would have been helpful, as the image itself is crisp, but on the small side. That is not to say all of them are small! Throughout the book, page-sized details allow the reader to take in splendid details. But where Rings. Jewelry of Power, Love and Loyalty presents large photos overall, the illustrations in The Art of the Ring are notably smaller.

European focus and perspectives in ring collecting

The Art of the Ring focuses on European rings, with Byzantine rings as the most ‘eastern’ representatives. The other two publications dedicated to the Griffin Collection also are firmly focused on the West  – at least, that we know of: perhaps this private collection holds more than has been published yet!

That perspective on European/Western rings appears in other books and other collections, too: there are few collections that include the Islamic world as well. Such as the Benjamin Zucker Family Collection, which holds a large number of Islamic rings, and which have been published in Islamic Rings & Gems. The Zucker Collection.

Why is that perspective important? One example from The Art of the Ring may illustrate this point.

The Italian sapphire ring with Arabic inscription

That is the super stunning Italian inscribed gold ring with a sapphire carrying an Arabic inscription. It is featured in both The Art of the Ring and in Cycles of Life, also drawing from the Zucker collection – jewellery travels, and this ring has moved from one collector to another. See an image of this beautiful ring here.

In Cycles of Life, the discussion of this particular ring is very complete, with a presentation of two parallels. The same ring is also briefly featured in Rings. Jewelry of Power, Love and Loyalty, and now in The Art of the Ring as well – with a most breathtaking photo. In all three books, the sapphire is treated as ‘the odd one out’, a rare stone to be included in an Italian ring. But when browsing through the two volumes of Ruby, Sapphire & Spinel: An Archaeological, Textual and Cultural Study (2016), where sapphires are discussed in their cultural context throughout time, we learn much more about the importance and meaning of sapphire as well as inscribed Islamic gems. Such a wider scope would make this collection even more fascinating.

The Art of the Ring in context of other ring books

As I said above, this volume is dedicated to the Griffin Collection. As with all collections, the choices of the collector determine what the scope of the collection is, and so I enjoyed comparing The Art of the Ring with a few other collections that live on my bookshelves. This is, incidentally, why you would want to own not just one book on rings: it’s when they all get together that you’ll start learning!

By the same author, there is the book I already mentioned, Rings. Jewelry of Power, Love and Loyalty (2007), with the Benjamin Zucker Family Collection as its core. This collection starts earlier, timewise: where the Griffin Collection seems to start out with Greek and Roman rings, the Zucker Collection also holds Egyptian rings (that’s another 3,000 years of rings).

That same collection is also published in Cycles of Life which uses a different approach in linking rings to stages in our lives: birth, marriage, death, eternity, and everyday life. This book adds more descriptive detail to its 41 rings, and discusses parallels for each piece as well, something that The Art of the Ring does not.

And where The Art of the Ring is organised thematically, the V&A publication on its ring collection Rings is built chronologically. Both books are still quite comparable, with many examples from the same timeframes featuring in both books.

Although this brief comparison is clearly far from exhaustive, it hopefully gives you some idea of the nature of The Art of the Ring in relation to other books on European ring collections.

Conclusion: why The Art of the Ring is a beautiful book

Whether you are working as a curator, collector, or simply adore rings, The Art of the Ring is a book you will want to own.

It is expertly written and presents an engaging introduction in the beautiful ring collection of the Griffin Collection. It complements the previous two volumes wonderfully, and is also a great companion volume to Rings. Jewelry of Power, Love and Loyalty. But even without its sibling books, The Art of the Ring is a volume that very well holds its own – it’s a wonderful overview of rings.

The only drawback is the size of some photos, notably for the rings that have not been published before, but I really enjoyed this book as a valuable introduction into a collection of which I hope many more volumes will be published!

More about The Art of the Ring

The Art of the Ring. Highlights from The Griffin Collection.

By Diana Scarisbrick (2024). 240 pages, full-colour, in English. Published by AD ILISSVM/Paul Holberton Publishing.

I received the book as review copy.

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Bibliography

Church, R. 2017. Rings. Thames & Hudson/V&A

Content, D.J. 2016. Ruby, Sapphire & Spinel: An Archaeological, Textual and Cultural Study, Brepols

Content, D.J. (ed) 1987. Islamic Rings & Gems. The Zucker Collection. Philip Wilson Publishers

Hindman, S. 2014. Cycles of Life. Rings from the Benjamin Zucker Family Collection. Les Enluminures

Hindman, S. 2015. Take this Ring. Medieval and Renaissance Rings from the Griffin Collection. Les Enluminures

Scarisbrick, D. 2007. Rings. Jewelry of Power, Love and Loyalty. Thames & Hudson

Scarisbrick, D. 2021. I like my Choyce. Posy Rings from the Griffin Collection. AD ILISSVM/Paul Holberton Publishing

Would you like to quote this article? Please do! Here’s how:

S. van Roode, [write the title as you see it above this post], published on the Bedouin Silver website [paste the exact link to this article], accessed on [the date you are reading this article and decided it was useful for you].

Sigrid van Roode

Sigrid van Roode is an archeologist, ethnographer and jewellery historian. Her main field of expertise is jewellery from North Africa and Southwest Asia, as well as archaeological and archaeological revival jewellery. She has authored several books on jewellery, and obtained her PhD at Leiden University on the jewellery of the Egyptian zar-ritual. Sigrid has lectured for the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, Turquoise Mountain Jordan, and many others. She provides consultancy and research on jewellery collections for both museums and private collections, teaches courses and curates exhibitions. She is not involved in the business of buying and selling jewellery, and focuses on research, knowledge production, and education only.

Coin jewellery in the Middle East

Coin jewellery in the Middle East

by | Objects

Research project

Coin jewellery in the Middle East & North Africa

Published on July 29, 2024

One of the most common sights in jewellery from North Africa and Southwest Asia is the use of coins. This is a widespread custom throughout the region, and beyond. You’ll see coins decorating headbands and face veils, dangling from chains and temple ornaments and sitting in rings, brooches and bracelets. But what is the point of coins in jewellery? Can you pay with them? I’m explaining in this article, and excited to tell you more about my new research project, too!

Coin jewellery: origin

To our eyes, any monetary value coins in jewellery may have, is annulled by their treatment to make them decorative. They may be pierced and sewn onto clothing or strung onto metal wire; they might be hammered into dish-like shapes, soldered onto diverse items of jewellery or even decorated with glass, coral or semi-precious stones. Sometimes, they are so densely covered with enameling that you’ll need to flip one over to see that underneath that is an actual coin. So, what’s up with that?

The answer goes back far in time. Coins were an indication of an established silver (or gold) content in the times before hallmarks and assay offices existed. Those were only developed during the 19th century, so during the millennia before that, coins were things whose value was directly related to their silver content.

No matter if you drilled a hole through it or folded it double, a coin would still be worth its value in the weight of its silver content: archaeological excavations have shown coins to be simply chopped into pieces, which each continued to be valid methods of payment.

Because of their guaranteed silver content, there were two coins which were appreciated much more than others: the Maria Theresia Thaler from Austria, and the columnario or pillar dollar from Spain.

Find out more on the Maria Theresia Thaler here

See why the Pillar Dollar was the first international coin here

Coins retained this importance until a gold standard was established. From that moment on, a coin represented a certain amount of gold in the state’s treasury: the basic concept of money, as we know it today. But by that time, the practice of wearing coins in jewellery had well and truly taken hold, and that is why you’ll still see modern currency jingling from necklaces and veils.

Learn to read jewellery! Four colourful images of online courses.

Coin jewellery: the one thing to be aware of

Before we dive into the fun stuff, there is one myth I’d like to bust here. With all these wonderfully dated coins in jewellery, it is tempting to date an entire piece based on the age of the coins you find in it. After all, when a coin in a necklace is from, say, 1865, surely the piece itself is that old, too? Well….no. Big no-no. This is where you need to look extra closely at the piece itself.

With coins, the thing is that there are so many of them. Thousands of them still circulate. Old coins, and by that I mean coins from the 19th or early 20th century, are still available by the strand in some cases. They have been used as pendants for example, and when the original necklace was taken apart, they were simply gathered and put to use elsewhere.

So just picture it: I could take a few of those, string them into a necklace with a variety of beads, and I’d have a necklace that is made as recently as, well, tomorrow.

A coin alone does not date a piece.

Here are 5 tips to spot if a necklace has been restrung.

And here are 5 pointers on how to tell if jewellery has been altered in general – and when that matters.

A faceveil from Palestinian/Egyptian Bedouin, showing coins.

Coin jewellery: research possibilities

And now: the fun stuff! In addition to the pillar dollar and the MTT, many local and regional coins were worked into jewellery or costume ornaments. These are usually taken from the currency of the immediate region. And this is where it gets interesting! Here are just a few examples.

On the Arab Peninsula, local coins are found alongside Indian rupees. These rupees, in turn, are not found in jewellery any further west than Egypt. In the Maghreb, coins from nearby Spain, as well as France and Italy are common (the latter two because of colonization). Here, you may find Italian Victor Emmanuel coins, and France’s gold napoleons, but those are rarely seen east of Libya.

So, you see how the variety of coins worn as jewellery indicates the larger group which the wearer was in contact with. You could literally draw a map based on coinage found in jewellery, and see how jewellery allows us to trace geopolitical and economical spheres of influence. Jewellery also illustrates the visual effect of larger political landscapes: in those countries that formed part of the Ottoman empire for example, many Ottoman coins are found alongside more regional currencies.

Occasionally, coins also bear testimony to the existence of greater trade distances. One example is a pair of Moroccan fibulas, fitted with Dutch lion dollars. Or what to think of a Saudi-Arabian coin that ended up on a Turkmen guljaka or coat button, or Moroccan earrings with wartime US pennies? Each of these has a story to tell.

Coin jewellery: historic jewellery

The research possibilities that coins in jewellery have to offer, are huge. That’s why I have initiated a new project aimed at bringing this aspect of jewellery as a historic source to life. The result will be a comprehensive overview of coins used in jewellery and personal adornment, and of course I will be sharing regular updates on the blog. Interested in learning more? Drop me a line!

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The Bedouin Silver blog gives credit where credit is due! Transparent referencing and citing sources helps us all grow. Would you like to do the same and quote this article? Here’s how:

S. van Roode, [write the title as you see it above this post], published on the Bedouin Silver website [paste the exact link to this article], accessed on [the date you are reading this article and decided it was useful for you].

Sigrid van Roode

Sigrid van Roode is an archeologist, ethnographer and jewellery historian. Her main field of expertise is jewellery from North Africa and Southwest Asia, as well as archaeological and archaeological revival jewellery. She has authored several books on jewellery, and obtained her PhD at Leiden University on the jewellery of the Egyptian zar-ritual. Sigrid has lectured for the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, Turquoise Mountain Jordan, and many others. She provides consultancy and research on jewellery collections for both museums and private collections, teaches courses and curates exhibitions. She is not involved in the business of buying and selling jewellery, and focuses on research, knowledge production, and education only.

Jewellery and dress

Jewellery and dress

by | Opinion

Two fields of research

Jewellery and Dress

Published on July 26, 2024

Jewellery from the Middle East and North Africa is always part of a larger ensemble: it is linked closely to other elements of personal appearance such as clothing and body aesthetic. Often, it’s not even possible or even necessary to discern where jewellery ends and dress begins. I believe the two are too often presented as separate, while in many cases, they are created to fit together. And on the other hand, I also believe they are two distinct fields of research. So how does that work?

Jewellery and dress: a practical connection

Starting out with the most practical connection: that where jewellery is an integral part of dress. Many jewellery items are designed to fasten clothing or to keep textiles in place: they are as much part of one’s attire as zippers are. That is not limited to North Africa and Southwest Asia: many cultures around the world use an astounding amount of pins, hooks, clasps, and buttons. All of these can be beautifully decorated and some of them are really meant to catch our attention, like the huge toggle buttons worn on the island of Sardinia (Italy), for example.

And when that costume changes, its jewellery changes along with it or even disappears. Many jewellery items are no longer worn, because the costume they were an integral part of, has changed. That is a super logical domino-effect, but one that is not always acknowledged.

Large silver buttons on a sleeve in Sardinia, Italy
A stunning hair pin from Sri Lanka, called kondakoora.

For example, the large Amazigh clothing pins, known as tizerzai, tiseghnas or khlel, that kept the traditional dress of the Maghreb secure, are no longer used as everyday wear, as these garments themselves are no longer worn – at least not widely or on a daily basis. The pins are however proudly worn on festive occasions: although their practical use has dwindled, their life as carrier of cultural identity certainly has not.

Another example is hair jewellery. Hairstyling is an important part of body aesthetic and of social practices, and jewellery was used to keep these wonderful hairdos in place. Here as well, changes in hairstyle bring about changes in jewellery, another example of how closely connected jewellery and dress are.

One example, from yet another region of the world, is the beautiful kondakoora hairpin, which was worn in Sri Lanka. This lavish pin, set with coloured zircons, was placed on hair tightly rolled into a bun. After this custom disappeared, the pins were repurposed as brooches.

See more about hair ornaments in this article – they’re also worn in surprising other fashions!

Learn to read jewellery! Four colourful images of online courses.

Jewellery and dress: glittering fabric

Other pieces of jewellery have become so associated with the textiles they are worn on, that it is useless to try and tell where the jewellery ends and the clothing begins.

Take the richly ornamented face veils from Sinai and Palestine for example, which combine both textile and jewellery traditions. The tatreez embroidery that is so well known from clothing is also used on the face veil, which also carries beads, coins and small pieces such as silver amulets. You’ll find these beads, coins and amulets in turn also strung onto necklaces or sewn on garments themselves.

And the flowing headveil shown above, worn in the region of Mount Lebanon, forms a unit with its stunning tapering tantour of embossed and chiseled silver.

The elaborate face veils of the Rashayda are also both an element of dress and of jewellery. These are made of textile with silver woven in, resulting in very heavy and glinting veils. These are further embellished with silver pendants and amulets, that may equally be worn as jewellery.

This tradition of textiles embellished with silver or even gold thread is found in many garments from the region. It’s called badilah or badla, telli or talli, zari or zardozi. In the Western world, the glittery fabrics from Egypt are commonly known as ‘Assiut’ textiles. [1] They are named after the Egyptian town of Assyut where these were produced as export product during the Roaring Twenties.

Spendid Rashayda dress and silver jewellery.

Jewellery and dress: patterns and designs

The line between jewellery and dress fades even more in the case of embroidered embellishments.

The chest panel of Egyptian Siwa oasis wedding dresses is embroidered in the pattern of an amulet necklace, and even the use of colour in some embroidery styles is similar to colours used in jewellery. And the chest panel of a dress from Bahariya oasis, also in Egypt, is decorated with shining applications. An example is above: click on the image to enlarge it.

The same goes for patterns and shapes used: not only common designs such as triangles, but specific shapes such as fish, tortoises, stars and floral designs exist both in jewellery and in dress as well as in body aesthetics – and beyond, such as in basketry, weaving, but also in architectural decoration like the painted symbols on houses.

It is their meaning to the wearer that is central, instead of a division by material or object category. In some cultures, these designs and meanings overlap on both jewellery and dress, amplifying one another, and in others they differ per material carrier, but work together as an ensemble.

Jewellery and dress: together, they are more

That is what I find so fascinating about the potential of jewellery as a historic source: comparing it to other elements of a person’s personal appearance, and looking beyond that to the complete setting of that person in their context of their home, family, and culture, shares a lot about how people viewed themselves. But: that takes a village.

For my line of work, for example, I would never call myself a dress specialist. That is simply not my area of expertise. Studying jewellery, on the other hand, is not something one can add ‘on the side’. Both fields are vast in and of themselves. The most meaningful (and fun!) projects I have been involved in, are those where dress and jewellery specialists work together: it’s exciting to see this many-layered heritage highlighted from different angles!

So, just like jewellery and dress are more than just adornment when studied together, those studies themselves become more than their single fields when specialists work together. Who wants to team up…?

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References

[1] For some reason, this is often misspelled as Assuit. I have no idea why, as the town really is called Assiut, not Assuit. A case of endless copy-paste from a faulty source, I think!

Would you like to quote this article? Please do! Here’s how:

S. van Roode, [write the title as you see it above this post], published on the Bedouin Silver website [paste the exact link to this article], accessed on [the date you are reading this article and decided it was useful for you].

Sigrid van Roode

Sigrid van Roode is an archeologist, ethnographer and jewellery historian. Her main field of expertise is jewellery from North Africa and Southwest Asia, as well as archaeological and archaeological revival jewellery. She has authored several books on jewellery, and obtained her PhD at Leiden University on the jewellery of the Egyptian zar-ritual. Sigrid has lectured for the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, Turquoise Mountain Jordan, and many others. She provides consultancy and research on jewellery collections for both museums and private collections, teaches courses and curates exhibitions. She is not involved in the business of buying and selling jewellery, and focuses on research, knowledge production, and education only.

Silver of the Possessed

Silver of the Possessed

by | Reviews

Jewellery of the Egyptian zar

Silver of the Possessed

Updated May 24, 2025

A book by myself this time! Silver of the Possessed brings you the historic and cultural context of Egyptian zār jewellery: what is Egyptian zār jewellery and how may we recognize it?

What is zār?

Zār is a possession cult that was brought into Egypt in the 19th century. It arrived there because of the slave trade: zār is an African possession cult, introduced in Egypt by enslaved women of colour from Ethiopia. And that was not just in Egypt: zār is found in a large area. It is practised differently everywhere: zār in Sudan is different from that in Egypt, and both are different from zār in Oman or Iran.

In all varieties, the general idea is that a person can become possessed by a spirit. This spirit then can make the human host very uncomfortable – until it gets what it wants. One thing to keep in mind is that the spirit will not leave: when its requests are met, it will generally leave the human host in peace, but it stays with the person for the rest of their lives. During a zār, the possessed enter a trance stage during which communication with the spirit is possible.

The Egyptian zār has a unique feature, and that is the use of silver jewellery with images of spirits.

Zār jewellery

And those jewellery pieces are popular collector’s items today. You’ll see several examples in the images in this blog: click on any one of them to enlarge them. While these pieces are very popular, it is not quite clear what they did in the ritual, or who is depicted on them.

And apart from these pieces, there is a lot that is labelled ‘zār’, but is all of that really zār jewellery? How can we tell the difference between regular jewellery and zār jewellery?

You’ll find many different bits and pieces of information on the individual spirits, on the use of jewellery, and of zār itself….but it’s not always easy to tell what’s what. So, I decided to dive into this topic several years ago, and what I found was so much more than I’d ever thought possible!

Zār jewellery in museums and private collections

This book is the result of combing through endless pages of literature from the 19th and 20th century, but also of studying collections of zār jewellery: in museums, and in private collections. I can’t begin to tell you how much fun I had going over so many pieces of jewellery – although entering them all into a database was tedious work at times, it can’t all be glamour and bling!

I have seen well over 1,200 pieces, and while I was describing all these, I started to note changes over time. Zār jewellery from the 1920s looks very different from that of the 1970s – why could that be? And what about all those pieces of jewellery that were absolutely made for zār, but that are so rare these days that no private collections holds these, only very few museums…?

Silver of the Possessed: zār jewellery in context

So what will you find in this book? My goal was to place jewellery of the Egyptian zār in its cultural and historical context. So first, I traced how our current understanding of this jewellery has evolved through collecting and publishing: how do we know what we think we know? Turns out there is quite a lot of copy-and-not-exactly-paste that has influenced our view on these pieces!

Next, I go over jewellery from several angles. Its cultural background in African possession cults can be translated into a new insight of the many roles jewellery played in zār. That comes with a handy table of 5 categories of zār jewellery, so you’ll know how to identify them correctly!

I also looked at jewellery as a financial asset to zoom in on its implications for household economy dynamics, And, ever the archaeologist, I traced the developments in this jewellery over seven decades: interestingly, those changes in jewellery reveal changes in the ritual itself.

For me, the most exciting part is how this jewellery may function as an actual historic source: these jewellery items shed light on the world view of their wearers, and as such form an unexpected additional source for late 19th and early 20th century Egypt. You can actually ‘read’ these pieces, and I’m sharing how I did that.

Egyptian zār jewellery: a catalogue

And of course, there is a catalogue! Over 100 previously unpublished jewellery items in private collections illustrate the changes in this jewellery over the course of nearly a century – you’ll be able to date yours based on these examples, and another handy table with 5 things to look for.

The best things in life are free

…and sometimes, that includes books. When you have been following this blog for a while, you know I value accessible knowledge. That is why my courses are not ridiculously priced (well, maybe ridiculously low), and also why I partnered with Sidestone Press for this publication. No matter where you are in the world, you will always be able to read this book online – for free.

To make it even better, I have opted for full open access publication of this book. That means that you get to download the pdf of the book, completely free.

So, as you see, there is literally no sales pitch here: I’m giving you this book as a free pdf.

However… if you are anything like me, and prefer a printed copy: we’ve got those, too. Speaking for myself here, I spend too much time as it is looking at screens, and I am a total book nerd as you know, so I prefer to sit down with a cup of something good and just flip through actual book pages. The printed copies come at a very reasonable price.

The choice is all yours!

(final thought: the blazing artwork on the cover is ‘Red Wind: Fire’ by Salma Ahmad Caller, and that just looks glorious in print. Just saying.)

More about Silver of the Possessed

Silver of the Possessed. Jewellery in the Egyptian zar

By Sigrid van Roode (2024). 212 pages, full-colour, in English. Published by Sidestone Press.

Available with the publisher Check their options for ordering from the UK and USA: this will save you import hassle and shipping costs!

This book is the result of my PhD-research.

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Rather see the book in videos? This mini-course on Egyptian zār jewellery brings you up to speed!

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S. van Roode, [write the title as you see it above this post], published on the Bedouin Silver website [paste the exact link to this article], accessed on [the date you are reading this article and decided it was useful for you].

The Bedouin Silver Jewellery Blog: Sigrid van Roode

Sigrid van Roode is an archeologist, ethnographer and jewellery historian. Her main field of expertise is jewellery from North Africa and Southwest Asia, as well as archaeological and archaeological revival jewellery. She has authored several books on jewellery, and obtained her PhD at Leiden University on jewellery, informal ritual and collections. Sigrid has lectured for the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, Turquoise Mountain Jordan, and many others. She provides consultancy and research on jewellery collections for both museums and private collections, teaches courses and curates exhibitions. She is not involved in the business of buying and selling jewellery, and focuses on research, knowledge production, and education only. Sigrid strongly believes in accessibility of knowledge, and aims to provide reliable and trustworthy content: that’s why the Bedouin Silver blog provides references and citations.

Patina in Middle Eastern jewellery

Patina in Middle Eastern jewellery

by | Tips for collectors

what is patina?

Patina in Middle Eastern jewellery

Published March 18, 2024

Patina is a word you’ll see used often when talking about ethnic jewellery. It may be described as ‘having great patina’, and collectors may be afraid that cleaning ‘removes the patina’. But what is patina? You may be surprised to learn that it is used for two very different things!

Patina in ethnic jewellery: what it technically is

Corrosion. Patina refers to the thin layer that develops on the surface of metals due to natural oxidation and environmental exposure over time. You could think of the greenish hue that bronze statues or architectural elements may have, for example.

But it encompasses a broad spectrum of colours and textures, ranging from earthy browns to deep blues and reds. Patina is a result of the metal’s reaction with elements like oxygen, moisture, and sulphur. As such, it is technically the same as tarnish.

In some types of jewellery, patina is actually prized: it indicates that the jewel is indeed old. But, beware: there are tons of ways to create a fake patina on jewellery!

Patina, rust, tarnish: what is the difference?

Technically, none. They are all words for the oxidation in metals. But patina is often used for the colour effects in particular, while tarnish is more often used for the oxidation itself.

What is more, patina carries a positive connotation, as something beautiful. Tarnish, on the other hand, is used in a negative sense, as something damaging and ugly.

You will also find patina used for bronze, rust for iron, and tarnish for silver: all three denote oxidation processes and their visual results.

There are many different interpretations of the word patina going around, and to add to the confusion, collectors may mean something completely different!

Patina in ethnic jewellery: what collectors also mean by it

Usewear. Very often, the word ‘patina’ is used for something else entirely in the world of ethnography and collectors.

You will find it applied to a particular type of wear: ‘usewear’ refers to the physical evidence of wear and tear that occurs over time as a result of the item being worn or used in its intended manner.

Patina, in this context, usually means the soft wear on a surface as a result of years of rubbing or handling it. Other types of usewear, such as dents and scratches in a piece of jewellery are not called patina.

Although patina is technically the result of oxidation in metal, you will also see the word used with regard to wooden objects in the world of ethnography.

Here, too, it means ‘usewear’: a wooden handle that has been grasped countless times, will have a beautiful, deep colour and a silky, smooth surface. The same goes for antique furniture where doorknobs, edges and surfaces may show discoloration and a softness after decades of use.

Old silver jewellery in Cairo's Khan el Khalili

Patina in ethnic jewellery: what it definitely is NOT

Dirt. Honestly. Dirt is not patina. Dirt is an external substance that accumulates on the surface of jewellery. Dirt is easily removable with gentle cleaning methods. It does not alter the metal itself, like oxidation does, but can obscure the intended aesthetic of the piece.

Cleaning (see 3 methods how to approach that) can effectively remove dirt without impacting the authentic patina that may have developed over the years. The jewellery you see in the gallery above is just dusty and dirty: this is not what patina looks like!

Patina in ethnic jewellery: how to check for authentic patina

So, as we have seen, there are two types of ‘patina’ you can inspect your jewellery for.

Oxidation – Many ethnic jewellery pieces are made from materials like silver, bronze, or copper, which can develop a natural patina or oxidized layer over time due to exposure to air and moisture. This patina is often uneven and may be more pronounced in areas that have been frequently touched or worn.

Polishing and wear patterns – Certain parts of the jewellery, such as clasps, hinges, or chains, may show signs of polishing or smoothing from repeated use. Additionally, wear patterns may emerge on surfaces that come into contact with the skin, clothing, or other jewellery pieces, indicating areas of frequent movement and friction.

You can inspect an item for traces of usewear by employing various methods:

1 Use your eyes: Start by taking a good look at the jewellery. Carefully inspect the surface of the jewellery under good lighting conditions. Identify areas that are likely to show signs of wear and tear, such as the back of a pendant or the inside of a bracelet, and observe these closely. Look for scratches, patina, polishing marks, and any other indications of use. Note: the jewellery needs to be free of dirt to do this – dirt may actually obscure exactly these details.

2 Magnification: Whip out the magnifier! Check for subtle details such as fine scratches or tool marks. Patina, both in the sense of oxidation and usewear, may have been artificially applied.

3 Feel: If you’re looking to see if a piece has indeed been worn for a prolonged period of time, stop looking and close your eyes. Feel the jewellery: does it feel worn and soft, or do you still feel sharp edges? Open your eyes again and check these places on the jewel.

Patina, whether oxidation or usewear, is often used as a factor in authenticating a piece. But there is more to that than patina: this article gives 5 tips on how to establish whether your jewellery is authentic!

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Sigrid van Roode

Sigrid van Roode is an archeologist, ethnographer and jewellery historian. Her main field of expertise is jewellery from North Africa and Southwest Asia, as well as archaeological and archaeological revival jewellery. She has authored several books on jewellery. Sigrid has lectured for the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, Turquoise Mountain Jordan, and many others. She provides consultancy and research on jewellery collections for both museums and private collections, teaches courses and curates exhibitions. She is not involved in the business of buying and selling jewellery, and focuses on research, knowledge production, and education only.